Everything about Bridge Circuit totally explained
A
bridge circuit is a type of
electrical circuit in which the
current in a
conductor splits into two parallel paths and then recombines into a single conductor, thereby enclosing a loop. It was originally used for measurement purposes, but can also be used in
power supplies.
The best-known bridge circuit, the
Wheatstone bridge, was invented by
Samuel Hunter Christie and popularized by
Charles Wheatstone, and is used for measuring
resistance. It is constructed from four resistors, one of which has an unknown value, one of which is variable, and two of which are fixed and equal, connected as the sides of a square. Two opposite corners of the square are connected to a source of electrical current, such as a battery. A
galvanometer is connected across the other two opposite corners. The variable resistor is adjusted until the galvanometer reads zero. It is then known that the ratio between the variable resistor and its neighbour is equal to the ratio between the unknown resistor and its neighbour, and this enables the value of the unknown resistor to be calculated.
The Wheatstone bridge has also been developed to measure impedance in AC circuits, resulting in designs such as the
Wien bridge, the
Maxwell bridge and the
Heaviside bridge. All are based on the same principle, which is to compare the output of two
potentiometers sharing a common source.
In power supply design, a bridge circuit or
bridge rectifier is an arrangement of
diodes or similar devices used to rectify an electric current, for example to convert it from an unknown or alternating polarity to a direct current of known polarity.
In some
motor controllers, a
H-bridge is used to control the direction the motor turns.
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